Apple cider vinegar

          Analysis Aspect

                        Result 

              Blood Glucose

Post-meal blood sugar levels are influenced by insulin sensitivity. Individuals with insulin resistance may experience a greater reduction in blood sugar compared to those with normal glucose clearance. While one study showed a benefit in fasting blood sugar levels for individuals with type 2 diabetes, another study found no significant effect in individuals with normal fasting blood sugar levels.

                         Insulin

  While some studies suggest a reduction in postprandial insulin levels after apple cider vinegar consumption, many others have not found such an effect. One study examined fasting insulin levels and observed a comparable decrease in the apple cider vinegar group compared to the placebo group in patients with type 2 diabetes. Another study also looked at fasting insulin and found a slight reduction in the low-dose group (15 ml) but no significant change in the high-dose group (30 ml).  

                          Appetite

Studies using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire found a slightly greater reduction in appetite among participants in the apple cider vinegar group compared to the placebo group. While more research is needed, spontaneous reductions in caloric intake are common in other studies, supporting the potential of apple cider vinegar as an appetite suppressant.

                  Body Fat

  A study involving obese participants found a small reduction in weight over 4 weeks with 15 and 30 mL doses of apple cider vinegar, but not with a placebo. The 30 mL dose showed the greatest reduction. Both apple cider vinegar groups reported lower energy intake compared to the placebo group, with the 15 mL group reporting the most significant decrease. It's important to note that self-reported energy intake may not be entirely accurate.  

              C-reactive protein

  One study found a very slight increase in the apple cider vinegar group and a decrease in the placebo group. It's not clear why this was the case, and more studies are needed to verify this.  

                     Lean Mass

  One study found a reduction in the apple cider vinegar group, although it is possible that the effect was due to a reduction in caloric intake and overall weight loss.  

                   Neuropeptide Y

  No reliable result was obtained regarding increase or decrease, these tests need to be done again. 

                    Triglycerides

  One study found a reduction in the 15 ml and 30 ml groups, but not for the placebo, while another study found a small increase. More research is needed to determine what can be expected from apple cider vinegar.  

                        Weight

A study of overweight individuals found weight reductions in both the 15 ml and 30 ml apple cider vinegar groups, but not in the placebo group. Over four weeks, the low-dose group lost 1.2 kg, while the high-dose group lost 1.9 kg. Both vinegar groups reported lower energy intake compared to the placebo group, with the low-dose group showing the greatest reduction. It's important to consider that self-reported data may not be entirely accurate.

                Blood pressure

  While one study found a modest reduction with 30 ml, another study failed to find a larger reduction with 20 ml. More research is needed before we know if and when apple cider vinegar can have a reliable effect on blood pressure.  

              General Oxidation

  In one study, no difference in malondialdehyde was found with 20 ml per day for 4 weeks, although the placebo group experienced a considerable increase. So, the difference was significant, it is not clear whether this is a genuine effect of apple cider vinegar, so further studies are needed.  

Glycemic Control / Insulin Sensitivity

One study found improvement in the 15 ml group and not in the 30 ml group, while another study noted no effect. More research is needed to evaluate the effects of apple cider vinegar, independent of weight loss.

                         HDL-C

  A clear effect has not been observed in any study.  

                         HbA1c

  One study found a significant reduction in non-diabetics, while another study found no difference compared to placebo. More research is needed, particularly in type 2 diabetics.  

                    Homocysteine

  One study found a small reduction in the apple cider vinegar group but an increase in the control group. It is unclear whether the difference is a genuine effect of apple cider vinegar.  

                         LDL-C

  No significant effect in two studies conducted. 

                 Total cholesterol

In one study, a slightly greater reduction was seen with 15 ml and 30 ml compared with placebo, while there was a slight, insignificant increase in another.